UN secretary general

UN secretary general's sixth semi-annual report on the implementation of Security Council Resolution 1559

Thursday, October 25, 2007

Report

I. Background

1. In the past six months, Lebanon has continued to experience political crisis and instability, which have constituted significant obstacles to the further implementation of Security Council resolution 1559. Political tension focused primarily on the demand of the opposition, consisting of Amal, Hizbullah, and the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), to establish a national unity government, and on the succession of President Lahoud, whose extended term in office ends in November 2007. The protests in front of the Prime Minister's office, which have paralysed regular political life in Lebanon since December 2006, have continued.

2. A significant number of bomb attacks and assassinations have taken place during the reporting period. On 20 May, the day that prolonged fighting began between the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and the militant Islamist group Fatah al-Islam, an explosion in the Beirut neighbourhood of Achrafieh killed one person and wounded 12 others. On 24 May, an explosion in Aley wounded 16 people. On 5 June, an explosion in Beirut left 10 people injured. Two days later, a bomb went off near a town north of Beirut; one person was killed, and three others were wounded.

3. On 13 June, a car bomb killed a former judge, MP Walid Eido from the Future Movement, his son, and eight others. By-elections to replace the assassinated MPs Walid Eido (Beirut/Future Movement) and Pierre Gemayel (Metn/Phalange Party) were held on 5 August amidst a tense climate and despite President Lahoud's refusal to sanction the vote. In Beirut, Mohammad al- Amin Itani from the Future Movement won; in the Metn, Camille Khoury from the Free Patriotic Movement won the seat previously held by the Phalange Party in a tightly contested race against party leader Amin Gemayel, the former President and father of the assassinated Pierre Gemayel.

4. On 19 September, a car bomb killed MP Antoine Ghanem from the Phalange Party and seven others. The assassination of MP Ghanem came two days after he returned from the UAE, where he had taken refuge for several weeks. His assassination, in combination with previous assassinations of members of the ruling coalition, reduced the governing coalition's majority to 68 out of 128 MPs and did not only raise the specter of further deterioration, but also appeared to be indicative of a systematic attempt to upset the political balance that has existed since the parliamentary elections of May/June 2005.

5. In addition to these attacks against politicians and civilians, there were also two attacks on UNIFIL - on 24 June, which killed six peacekeepers, and on 16 July, which damaged a UN vehicle - as well as the 17 June rocket attack from southern Lebanon into northern Israel. The Council has already been briefed on these incidents.

II. Implementation of Resolution 1559

6. Despite the general conditions of political crisis and instability, the Lebanese Government has continued to make progress to extend its authority over all Lebanese territory, disarm and disband militias, and assert its sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence, most notably with the successful battle against and containment of Fatah al-Islam in the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp.

7. However, the emergence of Fatah al-Islam, the precarious security situation and the enduring political stalemate also underline the undiminished challenges to Lebanon's sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity and political independence. Resolution 1559 thus remains to be implemented in full.

A. Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity, Unity, and Political Independence of Lebanon

8. In earlier reports on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1559, I outlined that the resolution places central emphasis on the sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity, and political independence of Lebanon under the sole and exclusive authority of the Government of Lebanon throughout Lebanon, and that I assigned this matter the highest priority in my efforts to assist with the implementation of the resolution.

9. In my second semi-annual report of 26 October 2005, I was able to certify that despite ongoing and necessary work to ensure the broad freeness and credibility of electoral processes in Lebanon, the operational requirement of free and credible parliamentary elections derived from Resolution 1559 had been met. The same conclusion applied to the withdrawal of Syrian troops, military assets and the military intelligence apparatus from Lebanon.

10. I have since maintained my efforts to also encourage the early initiation of a process between Lebanon and Syria, based on an agreed action agenda, which will eventually lead to the establishment of full diplomatic relations, in fulfilment of the relevant provisions of Security Council Resolution 1680. There has been no progress toward this goal. I have also continued my work toward the achievement of the full delineation of the border between Lebanon and Syria, and in relation to the issue of the Shebaa Farms area. So far, there has been no agreement on these issues between the parties. I urge them to address these matters and will report on them, as well as on the continued frequent Israeli violations of Lebanese sovereignty, in detail in my forthcoming report on the implementation of Security Council Resolution 1701.

11. Preventing breaches of the arms embargo imposed is a critical element for the achievement of the full respect for Lebanon's sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity, and political independence of Lebanon under the sole and exclusive authority of the Government of Lebanon throughout the country, as called for in Resolution 1559. I have again received information from member states in the region that appears to corroborate the allegation that Syria facilitates the flow of weapons and fighters across the Syrian-Lebanese border.

12. Syria has continued to deny any involvement in effecting breaches of the arms embargo. In the identical letters dated 16 July 2007 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the President of the Security Council and myself, Syria "reaffirmed the invalidity of the claims and allegations" made in my last report on the implementation of Security Council Resolution 1559 and in my Special Envoy's briefing to the Security Council.

13. There are indications that Lebanese sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity and political independence continues to suffer further infringements. In a letter he sent me on 8 October 2007, the Prime Minister of Lebanon made available to me information obtained by the Lebanese authorities from the interrogation of detained Fatah al-Islam members and from captured software data. This information, Prime Minister Siniora wrote, "clearly points to a carefully drawn plot, of very serious and dangerous proportions, to seize control of a good part of northern Lebanon, destabilize the whole country by bombing government and business institutions, mount attacks against UNIFIL in order to threaten participating countries and jeopardize the implementation of UNSC resolutions, particularly 1701." Prime Minister Siniora further wrote that the information "clearly supports the strong suspicion that the Fatah al-Islam plans were also linked to the ongoing attempts to topple the democratically chosen government, jeopardize a democratic election of a new president, and create conditions that would impede progress in the setting up of the special tribunal for the assassination of the late Prime Minister Hariri and others that followed." The United Nations does not have the means to independently corroborate the information contained in the Prime Minister's letter.

14. According to the Prime Minister of Lebanon, the information obtained by the Lebanese authorities from the interrogation of detained Fatah al-Islam members and from captured software data suggests those members of Fatah al-Islam "who came from Syria illegally, including its leadership, did so through the stretch of Lebanese-Syrian border controlled by" the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC), which is headquartered in Damascus. As Prime Minister Siniora further wrote, "it is common knowledge that PFLP-General Command and Fatah al-Intifada (which controls another stretch of the Lebanese Syrian border) have both set up military bases on the Lebanese side of the border and are closely associated with, and are supported and supplied with weapons, ammunitions and provisions regularly from, Syria."

15. Through the Prime Minister's letter and on the basis of the information obtained by the Lebanese authorities from the interrogation of detained Fatah al-Islam members and from captured software data, the Government of Lebanon has further asserted that the circumstances of Fatah al-Islam leader Shaker Yousef al-Abssi's release from prison in Syria, "and the way that his movements and those of Fatah al-Islam recruits into Lebanon were facilitated by Fatah al- Intifada within Syria, from Syria into Lebanon, and within Lebanon, as well as the 'peaceful' manner in which Fatah al-Intifada recast itself, turned over its facilities and resources and mutated into Fatah al-Islam, clearly point to a deliberate and carefully designed plan, which could not have been without the knowledge and blessing of Fatah al-Intifada's sponsors, namely Syrian intelligence." The Prime Minister's letter further states that "the direct contact between some of Fatah al-Islam's leaders and some senior Syrian intelligence officers, which were revealed in the interrogations, are consistent with the suspicion that Syrian intelligence has used Fatah al-Islam to serve its political and security objectives in Lebanon."

16. The Prime Minister's letter also stated that "reportedly, significant amounts of weapons transferred from Syria during the July 2006 war and probably in the period since then, have been made available to some parties with very close ties to Syria" within Lebanon, in the context of widespread allegations that Lebanese parties and militias are re-arming.

17. The Government of the Syrian Arab Republic, in a letter its Deputy Foreign Minister sent to me on 19 October 2007, strongly rejected the assertions made by the Prime Minister of Lebanon in his letter to me and called them "disinformation." In the letter, Syria affirmed its full respect for the sovereignty and independence of Lebanon and the necessity of non-intervention in its internal affairs. Syria further affirmed that "it is prepared to help its Lebanese brothers to bridge the gap between their different positions and affirmed that it desires to establish better relations between the two countries at various levels."

18. The Government of Syria also affirmed in its letter that as a neighbor of Lebanon, "the Syrian Arab Republic is most concerned by the unacceptable levels of tension in that country, which pose a threat to its present and future." The letter from Syria further stated that "in this regard, it points to the fact that the flagrant foreign intervention by a major international power, which to date has served to deepen the differences between the Lebanese and prevented them from reaching a solution to the problems facing their country, constitutes a direct threat to the security and stability of Lebanon, since it is clearly and openly aligned with one Lebanese side against another and is accompanied by a misleading media campaign that blames other Lebanese sides and the Syrian Arab Republic when Lebanon does not take the desired direction."

19. Syria further stated that it had "observed with great regret that some Lebanese, with widely recognized foreign support, have adopted extreme positions that do not serve that purpose," and that "some officials have recently gone so far as to exploit their visits to the United Nations with the singular aim of distorting the image of the Syrian Arab Republic, inciting the Security Council against it and sending letters to the United Nations and other international organizations, showing no evidence of the least desire to establish normal relations between the Syrian Arab Republic and Lebanon." The Syrian letter continued by asserting that these officials "also launched misleading media campaigns which have distorted the facts and harmed the spirit of the historic fraternal relations between the peoples of the two countries. This behavior, which lacks the minimum of political and moral decorum, left no opportunity for serious dialogue between the two countries. Lebanese Government officials at the highest levels and the leaders of some of the militias which shed Lebanese blood during the Civil War and are representatives in the present Government took part in this campaign. It was in this context that the letter dated 8 October 2007 from the Prime Minister of Lebanon addressed to the Secretary General of the United Nations was sent, containing various forms of disinformation and turning the facts upside down, with the objective of concealing the failure of the Government, its officials and those standing behind them to assume their responsibilities to the various sectors of Lebanese society. The Syrian Arab Republic has taken the high ground by not responding to those fabrications and the inflammatory propaganda directed against it, and continues to stand by Lebanon - all of Lebanon - in order to respond to the great challenges facing both Lebanon and the region."

20. The letter from the Syrian Arab Republic also conveyed Syria's position that "it has implemented all the provisions of Resolution 1559 that apply to it by withdrawing its military forces and related security apparatus from Lebanon." Syria further stated that "the issues of diplomatic relations and border demarcation between Syria and Lebanon are questions of national sovereignty that will be settled by agreement between the Syrian Government and a Lebanese Government that does not set itself up as an enemy of Syria. It is well known to all who take an interest in the matter both inside and outside Lebanon, as well as to all the States Members of the United Nations, that Syria stands ready to establish full diplomatic relations with a Lebanese Government that guarantees friendly relations with Syria, rather than hostile relations as is now the case with the Siniora Government."

21. The letter continued to assert that Syria had "taken every measure to prevent smuggling across its borders with Lebanon, having doubled the number of border guards on the Syrian side. In addition, contacts between the Syrian Arab Republic and Lebanon regarding control of their common borders have not ceased. We have provided the Secretary General and the President of the Security Council with a detailed listing of their meetings."

22. I note that the United Nations does not have the means to independently corroborate the information contained in the letter from the Syrian Arab Republic.

23. The United Nations is not in a position as well to corroborate the charges made by the Secretary General of Hizbullah, Hassan Nasrallah, in his speech on Al-Quds Day, according to which Israel is behind the string of assassinations in Lebanon.

B. Extension of Lebanese Government Control over All Lebanese Territory

24. The Security Council, in its presidential statements of 11 June 2007 and 3 August 2007, reiterated its full support for the legitimate and democratically elected Government of Lebanon, called for full respect for the democratic institutions of the country, in conformity with its constitution, and condemned any effort to destabilize Lebanon.

25. Over the past six months, in the context of the ongoing political crisis in Lebanon, the government has remained restricted in its ability to extend its authority over the whole Lebanese territory. The government's constitutional legitimacy has remained contested by the opposition and by President Lahoud. The precarious security conditions over the past six months have also forced many members of Parliament to reside abroad permanently or to seclude themselves from their own constituents, thus undermining the democratic institutions of Lebanon and the continued exercise of the political functions of the democratically elected representatives of the people of Lebanon. The series of political assassinations has hampered the effective regular functioning of all state institutions.

26. As I wrote in my last report on the implementation of Resolution 1559, a resolution of the crisis, through national reconciliation and dialogue, now most notably on the issue of the presidency, is a necessary precondition for the extension of Lebanese government control over all Lebanese territory and the exertion of the government's monopoly on the legitimate use of the force.

27. Despite these limitations, the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) made significant progress toward extending the government's authority over all Lebanese territory and toward disarming and disbanding all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias with their successful fight against Fatah al-Islam. On 20 May, fighting erupted between Fatal al-Islam and the LAF in and around the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp in northern Lebanon. Fatah al-Islam posed the most significant challenge to the further extension of Lebanese government control over all Lebanese territory during the reporting period; the fighting signified the most severe violence in Lebanon since the end of the Civil War.

28. After 15 weeks - 105 days - the fighting ended on 2 September, when the LAF declared victory over the militant Islamist group. It left 168 LAF soldiers and approximately 222 militants dead; hundreds of soldiers, militants and civilians were also injured; 202 militants were arrested; an additional number have been detained since the fighting ended formally. However, the leader of the group, Shaker Yousef al-Abssi, and a number of other militants escaped. The Lebanese authorities have issued arrest warrants for them.

29. In the letter Prime Minister Siniora sent to me on 8 October, the Government of Lebanon outlined further details on Fatah al-Islam and affirmed that it maintained extreme vigilance in pursuing members of Fatah al-Islam who may still be at large, as well as other associates of Fatah al-Islam. However, as Prime Minister Siniora also wrote in his letter, "the fact that government security authority does not yet extend to all of Lebanon's territory, including Palestinian refugee camps which have been outside government control since 1969, is undoubtedly a complicating factor."

30. The Government of Lebanon has repeatedly affirmed to me that it has a vital interest in controlling its borders to prevent the smuggling of arms, munitions and personnel into its territory. However, the Government and the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) have also remained constrained in their ability to effectively extend governmental control over all Lebanese territory due to the various security crises in the country, which have placed a huge strain on the LAF, which over the past six months had to fight militants in Nahr al-Bared; maintain its large deployment in South Lebanon; provide internal security, in particular in light of the continued blockade of the capital's city center, where regular economic life has been disrupted substantially; prepare for traditional territorial defense; and engage in anti-smuggling activities.

31. In this context, I renew my call on donor countries to come forward and help the LAF meet its obligations as concerns the extension of the Government of Lebanon's control over all of Lebanon's territory and the establishment of the democratically elected government's monopoly on the legitimate use of force throughout Lebanon, in fulfilment of the provisions of Resolution 1559. The urgency of my call is underpinned by the prolonged battle at Nahr al-Bared, which has highlighted and exacerbated the substantial needs of the LAF in training, weapons and ammunitions.

32. The assertions made by the Government of Lebanon to the effect that arms, munitions, and personnel reach such groups from Syria, once again underscores the importance of the full delineation of the Syrian-Lebanese border. I have also taken note, however, of the position conveyed to me by the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic in its letter to me of 19 October 2007.

33. In the context of prolonged political crisis, the challenge from militias and allegations of widespread rearming and paramilitary training, the Government of Lebanon's authority throughout its territory remains constrained and contested, as does the Government's monopoly on the legitimate use of violence.

C. Disbanding and Disarmament of Lebanese and non-Lebanese Militias

34. While the Government of Lebanon has made significant progress in disbanding and disarming Fatah al-Islam in a determined struggle, it faces undiminished challenges as regards the continued existence and strength of other Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias.

l Fatah al-Islam

35. During the standoff between the LAF and Fatah al-Islam, Lebanon paid a heavy price for the reassertion of governmental control and the successful effort to contain and eradicate a hostile militia that had engaged in terrorist acts in the country.

36. In his letter of 8 October 2007, the Lebanese Prime Minister, on the basis of the information obtained by the Lebanese authorities from the interrogation of detained Fatah al-Islam members and from captured software data, indicated that many Fatah al-Islam members were "genuine" jihadists who thought they were being trained to fight in Iraq. According to the Prime Minister's letter, most non-Lebanese members entered illegally by land from Syria, although a few individuals with no previous record arrived through Beirut airport. The arrival of Fatah al-Islam militants in Lebanon is believed to be the consequence of efforts to circumscribe the infiltration of such fighters into Iraq. According to the Government of Lebanon, many Fatah al-Islam members not only passed through PFLP-GC and Fatah al-Intifada bases on Lebanese soil but also underwent military training there. According to the Lebanese authorities and other member states in the region, there are ties between Fatah al-Islam, the PFLP-GC, and Fatah al- Intifada; the latter, in particular, acted as a facilitator for Fatah al-Islam in Syria and Lebanon.

37. The United Nations does not have the means to independently corroborate the information contained in the Prime Minister's letter, or information received from member states in the region. In its response to the specific issues raised by the Prime Minister of Lebanon in his letter to me of 8 October, Syria asserted that "the Prime Minister of Lebanon knows better than anyone that it was the Syrian Arab Republic that provided generous support to the Lebanese Army in its confrontation with the terrorists at Nahr al-Bared. It also had closed its borders in order to support the operations of the Lebanese Army. Contrary to the lies contained in that letter, the Syrian Arab Republic has stressed that Fatah al-Islam was as much an enemy to Syria as it was to Lebanon. In that regard, we should like to refer the Prime Minister of Lebanon to statements made by senior Lebanese Army commanders in which they confirmed that Fatah al-Islam was a branch of Al-Qaeda and has no link to Syrian intelligence." The letter from Syria further stated that "it is well known that Syrian security forces have had numerous confrontations with Fatah al-Islam in which they succeeded in killing a number of its members, among them its vice president, Muhammad Twayrah, who was killed near the Syrian-Iraqi border at the time the Nahr al-Bared battles were commencing."

38. The Lebanese authorities have charged more than 330 militants in connection with the fighting in and around the Nahr al-Bared refugee camp.

39. According to the Government of Lebanon, Fatah al-Islam militants also confessed to the bombing of two commuter buses in the village of Ain Alaq, northeast of Beirut, on 13 February 2007. In June, the Lebanese state prosecution filed charges against 16 Fatah al-Islam suspects in relation to the bombing; nine of the defendants were in custody. The group reportedly comprised ten Syrian nationals, two Lebanese, three Palestinians and one Saudi. In its letter to me of 19 October 2007, the Syrian Arab Republic asserted that "it should be noted that while the Lebanese Prime Minister identified the nationalities of some of the terrorists, he dared not identify those of the rest, who constituted the majority, for reasons that are known to all." I reiterate that the United Nations does not have the means to independently corroborate the information received from either the Lebanese authorities, or from Syria, or from other member states in the region.

40. The involvement of Fatah al-Islam in the bombing demonstrated, according to Prime Minister Siniora's letter to me of 8 October 2007, the "non-jihadist" nature of many of Fatah al-Islam's activities and objectives. The Prime Minister further wrote: "The slaughter of off-duty soldiers and innocent civilians as well as theft and bank robberies were clearly at odds with the declared jihadist agenda of the organization. These activities have led the vast majority of Palestinians to distance themselves from Fatah al-Islam. It is also quite telling that even Al-Qaeda did not want to associate itself with the organization or its actions. The insistence, which came out in the interrogation that the Ain Alaq bombing should take place on the eve of a planned rally on the anniversary of [former Prime Minister Rafik] Hariri's assassination on February 14, confirms that there were distinctly political and non-ideological motives behind some of Fatah al-Islam's actions."

41. The Government of Lebanon has further informed me that while Fatah al-Islam has been uprooted from Nahr al-Bared, there are documented links between it and other extremist groups in other parts of Lebanon. Reports in October this year indicated that the Lebanese authorities had arrested some 30 Islamist militants who were allegedly plotting to bomb the main police headquarters in Beirut and attack Arab and European diplomats in Lebanon. The militants were arrested in and around Sidon in August. Some of them belonged to Fatah al-Islam; others were members of another Al-Qaeda-inspired group. There have been allegations that some of the militants were connected with the 16 July attack on UNIFIL.

42. Information that has been shared with me by other regional member states indicates that the threat from Al-Qaeda-inspired militias in Palestinian refugee camps remains undiminished. While Fatah al-Islam has been curbed, other such groups remain active and may indeed be drawing lessons from the mistakes and failures of Fatah al-Islam.

l Situation in Palestinian refugee camps

43. Palestinian refugee camps continue to pose a major challenge to stability and security in Lebanon. Tension has increased between Palestinian refugees and some parts of the Lebanese population. In addition, a variety of Al-Qaeda-affiliated or inspired groups appear to have established themselves in the camps. Besides Fatah al-Islam, groups such as Jund al-Sham and Usbat al-Ansar are active in the camps, with military experience and ties to Al-Qaeda. According to information provided to me by regional member states, these groups draw on fighters recruited to join the insurgency in Iraq. By and large, however, the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) and Fatah retain control of most of the refugee camps and curb the influence and activities of such groups.

44. On 4 June, violence erupted in the Ain al-Hilweh refugee camp. The extremist militant group Jund al-Sham, which is known to espouse an Al-Qaeda-oriented ideology and to also operate in Syria, was apparently involved in the incident. Despite fears that the incident might signal a spreading of the violence from Nahr al-Bared to other refugee camps, the fighting was contained and remained a singular occurrence.

45. The fighting between Fatah al-Islam and the LAF signified the first time that the LAF entered a Palestinian refugee camp. In an exception to the terms of the 1969 Cairo Agreement, under which Lebanese security forces generally do not enter Palestinian refugee camps, the PLO fully agreed to and supported the LAF engagement. The PLO, through its resident representative and through its chairman, remained in close contact with the Lebanese authorities throughout the crisis and has continued to do so since. The PLO has also expanded its representation in Lebanon in order to be effective under the given circumstances. Through my Special Coordinator in Lebanon, I have also maintained my dialogue with the PLO representative in the country.

46. In the course of the fighting between the LAF and Fatah al-Islam, more than 32,000 Palestinian refugees were displaced from Nahr al-Bared. The overwhelming majority fled to the nearby Beddawi refugee camp, which saw its population nearly double as a result and where needs of the displaced refugees could be addressed, though rudimentarily in some instances. Close to 5,000 refugees from Nahr al-Bared were displaced to refugee camps in Tyre, Beirut and elsewhere in Lebanon. On 29 June, protests erupted among the displaced refugees in Beddawi refugee camp, with some 1,000 among them demanding to return to Nahr al-Bared. As approximately 100 broke off and marched toward LAF checkpoints, trying to force their way past them, gunfire erupted. Three protesters were killed; approximately 32 were injured.

47. The situation within Palestinian refugee camps remains precarious. There have been occasional armed clashes between Palestinian militias, including against the background of the Palestinian internecine violence in the Gaza Strip, specifically between Fatah on the one hand, and the Damascus-headquartered Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC) on the other. Most recently, in early October, two people were wounded in a night-time gunfight between armed supporters of Fatah and those of Hamas in the Miyah-Miyah refugee camp near Sidon.

48. There remain fears, however, that both the precarious state of intra-Palestinian relations and continued poverty and suffering in Palestinian refugee camps and the emergence of new militant groups in that context, may give rise to renewed violence in the camps and beyond them. Given the obvious detrimental effects of living conditions in the camps on the wider security situation in Lebanon, it is imperative that progress be made not only toward disbanding and disarming Palestinian militias in Lebanon, but also toward improving the conditions in which the refugee population lives, without prejudice to the settlement of the Palestinian refugee question in the context of an eventual Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement.

49. An initial flash appeal by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) over $12.7 million was fully met in June. A number of member states also pledged and provided significant aid to the Government to improve the situation of the affected Palestinian refugees. Since then, a three-pronged relief, recovery and reconstruction plan has been developed. Its first element is an UNRWA flash appeal over $55 million, with a focus on the provision of basic services to the refugees from Nahr al-Bared, temporary shelter, and the clearing up of rubble and debris inside the old camp before any infrastructure rehabilitation. The second part of the plan is an emergency appeal of $28 million for socioeconomic assistance issued by the Higher Relief Council of the Government of Lebanon, which addresses the needs of affected Lebanese families and businesses in the vicinity of Nahr al-Bared. The third element is the establishment of an international donors' trust fund under World Bank auspices for the reconstruction of the camp's physical infrastructure and for employment-generating programs for Palestinian refugees. I call on all member states to support the Government of Lebanon in its efforts to rebuild Nahr al-Bared and improve living conditions in Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon more broadly. I urge donors to particularly respond to UNRWA's latest flash appeal. In the meantime, the first families have begun returning to their homes in Nahr al-Bared.

Other Palestinian militias

50. In his last briefing to the Security Council, my Special Envoy for the Implementation of Security Council Resolution 1559 shared with the Council exten sive information, which the Government of Lebanon provided after my last report on the implementation of Resolution 1559 had been submitted. I also refer to the identical letters dated 12 June 2007 from the Charge d'Affaires of Lebanon to myself and the President of the Council, which also transmit this information in detail. According to this information, the militias PFLP-GC and Fatah al-Intifada have remained active during the reporting period and have reinforced positions in Lebanon, allegedly with assistance from Syria. Syria has rejected the allegations, most recently in its letter to me of 19 October 2007. The United Nations does not have the means to independently corroborate the conflicting information received from the Government of Lebanon and from the Government of Syria.

51. I have also received additional information from regional member states indicating that the PFLP-GC provided logistical support to Fatah al-Islam during its fight against the Lebanese authorities, remains on alert, and is preparing for possible operations. According to such information, the PFLP-GC also continues to maintain particularly close ties with Syria and with Hizbullah, and is receiving material and training from Iran.

52. Beyond the government's successful struggle against Fatah al-Islam, there has been no progress toward the disarming of Palestinian militias, in accordance with the agreement reached in the Lebanese National Dialogue of 2006 that Palestinian militias outside the camps would be disarmed. I urge all parties in Lebanon to resume the political dialogue and to reaffirm their commitment to the disarmament of Palestinian militias in Lebanon, in fulfilment of the terms of Resolution 1559.

Hizbullah

53. The Government of Lebanon has provided the United Nations with information on the seizure of a truckload of Grad rockets, mortars and ammunition for automatic rifles and machine guns belonging to Hizbullah, seized on 5 June 2007 at an LAF checkpoint at Douriss near Baalbek in the Bekaa Valley, a few kilometers away from the border. These arms were being moved within the country. The incident appeared to be similar to the one that took place on 8 February 2007.

54. In its presidential statement adopted on 3 August 2007, the Security Council expressed concern at any allegation of rearming of Lebanese and non-Lebanese armed groups and militias and reiterated that there should be no sale or supply of arms and related material to Lebanon except as authorised by its Government. In this regard, it expressed concern about the statement by Hizbullah that it retains the military capacity to strike all parts of Israel, and called on all parties to refrain from statements and activities that could jeopardize the cessation of hostilities.

55. I have received renewed information from the Government of Israel and other member states that Hizbullah has re-built and increased its military capacity compared to prior to the war of July and August 2006. According to this information and statements by Hizbullah leaders, the movement claims to have "twice as many people signing up for training."

56. The information I have received also indicates that Hizbullah has compensated for all losses sustained in the course of the war last year, and has established a secure network of communications. Hizbullah's maintenance of an infrastructure of arms and communications that remains separate from the state has adverse effects on the efforts of the Government of Lebanon to assert its exclusive control over the entire territory of Lebanon, in accordance with the provisions of Resolution 1559.

57. The eventual disarmament of Hizbullah in the sense of the completion of its transformation into a solely political party, consistent with the requirements of the Taif Agreement, continues to represent a key element of the full restoration of Lebanon's sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence. It remains my belief, as previously stated, that the disarmament of Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias must take place through a political process that will lead to the full affirmation of the authority of the Government of Lebanon throughout all of its territory. The ongoing political crisis has continued to prevent the parties in Lebanon from resuming their National Dialogue and from making progress on the implementation of the Government's seven-point-plan, as adopted on 27 July 2006, before the onset of the current crisis. Again, I urge all political parties in Lebanon to resume the political dialogue in Lebanon and to affirm their commitment to the disarmament of Lebanese militias in Lebanon, including Hizbullah, in fulfilment of Resolution 1559.

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Other Lebanese militias

58. While there have been continuous attempts to resolve the ongoing political crisis, now primarily revolving around the issue of the presidency, through dialogue and compromise, there continue to be widespread reports and allegations that parties and groups on all sides of the political spectrum are preparing for the possible failure of such negotiations, with armaments and military training reported widely.

59. The Government of Lebanon, through the Prime Minister's letter to me of 8 October, has informed me that against the backdrop of the widespread perception and rumors of military training and re-armament and of some parties engaging in the distribution of weapons to their allies, a special cabinet session had been convened on 24 September. The Government further informed me that the Lebanese intelligence and security services confirmed that training on the use of personal weapons is taking place in some parts of the country. This information has been corroborated by reports that have reached me from other member states in the region.

60. The Government of Lebanon has further affirmed that "while training for protection and security purposes is reportedly taking place across the political spectrum, there is evidence of arms distribution and organized military training on the side of the opposition." Some of the groups concerned receive weapons and training from Hizbullah, according to the Government.

61. The Government of Lebanon has informed me that it views these reports of armament and training with a great deal of concern and that it has instructed all government security agencies to do all they can, within the limits of the law, to stem this trend before it spreads further and begins create an environment conducive to domestic conflict. The government has further pressed upon all government agencies to deal with all political groups and parties equally when implementing laws concerning weapons and training.

62. The re-emergence of militias is certainly one of the most disturbing developments over the past six months, in view of the persistent political crisis, and raises the spectre of possible armed clashes in order to further restrict the functioning of the state's institutions. I am alarmed by the consistent allegations that militias on all sides of the political spectrum are reappearing in contravention to both the Taif Agreement, which ended the Civil War in Lebanon and led to the disbanding and disarming of most Lebanese militias, and Resolution 1559.

General

63. I commend the Government for its vigilance and its endeavors to stem the tide of further deterioration. I also call on all Lebanese parties to immediately halt all efforts to re-arm and engage in weapons training, and to instead return to dialogue through the legitimate political institutions, in particular the Parliament, as the only viable method of settling issues and resolving the ongoing political crisis.

64. I reiterate once again my firm conviction that the disarmament of Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias must take place through a political process that will lead to the full affirmation of the authority of the Government of Lebanon throughout all of its territory. Such a political process presupposes, in the first instance, clear respect of the Constitution from all parties as well as dialogue and a spirit of cooperation between the various political forces in Lebanon. A return to political dialogue and a resolution of the ongoing political crisis in Lebanon - most notably the issue of the Lebanese presidency - is a necessary precondition for such a far-reaching political process.

D. Presidential Election Process

65. The adoption of Resolution 1559 on 2 September 2004 took place in the context of the preparations for the extension of President Lahoud's term in office. As the Council will recall, one day after the resolution was adopted, Parliament voted to amend the Constitution by a vote of 96 to 29 with three members not present, to allow President Lahoud to serve beyond the constitutionally prescribed single six-term limit for an additional three years.

66. In the first report on the implementation of Resolution 1559, submitted on 1 October 2004, I noted my strong belief that governments and leaders should not hold on to office beyond prescribed term limits.

67. Since September 2004, the extended term in office of President Lahoud has remained contested, as the periodic reports on the implementation of the resolution have reflected. In my fourth semi-annual report on the implementation of Resolution 1559, I took note of the discussions on the Lebanese presidency in several rounds of the National Dialogue, until the participants in the National Dialogue "agreed to disagree" on the subject in their seventh round of consultations. I also recalled Prime Minister Siniora's address to the Security Council on 21 April 2006, in which the Lebanese Prime Minister said that "the majority in Parliament considers the extension of President Lahoud's term in September 2004 for three more years to have been the result of interference and coercion by Syria - which had great influence over the Lebanese Parliament at that time - against all of the advice discouraging such heavy-handed interference."

68. In my last report on the implementation of Resolution 1559, I noted again that the parliamentary majority represented by the 14 March alliance continued to maintain that President Lahoud's presence in office was illegitimate. I also took note of a petition signed by 70 members of Parliament in favor of a parliamentary session to ratify the statutory agreement on the international tribunal for Lebanon, in which signatories justified their resort to a petition with reference to "the position of the President of the Republic, whose mandate was extended in contravention of UNSCR 1559, and who continues in his attempt to obstruct the constitutional prerogatives of the legitimate government of Lebanon." I further stated that with the end of President Lahoud's extended term in office drawing nearer, a new president would have to be elected, in an electoral process that should be free and fair and conducted according to Lebanese constitutional rules devised without foreign interference or influence, in accordance with Resolution 1559. I expressed my belief that such an election would also help revive the ordinary and constitutional political process in Lebanon.

69. The election of a new President is now essential for resolving the political crisis in Lebanon. The position must be filled once the prolonged term of the present incumbent comes to an end, lest the regular functioning of the political institutions remain impeded.

70. On 25 September, Speaker Berri attempted to convene Parliament for a first vote on a new president. However, while the parliamentary majority was present in full, the session never opened since fewer MPs attended than the two-thirds of MPs whose votes would be necessary for a candidate to win during the first round, according to the Constitution. The same day, Speaker Berri issued a call to convene Parliament for a vote on the presidency on 23 October. This session has now been postponed to 12 November. However, on 16 October, the Lebanese Parliament did convene, for the first time during the present parliamentary session, in order to elect parliamentary committees for the elections, as well as office-holders to facilitate the vote, should it take place.

71. Lebanese political leaders must aim for unity and conciliation. It is imperative that political dialogue resume. It is my conviction that a new president must be elected in a free and fair electoral process conducted strictly according to Lebanese constitutional rules, without any foreign interference or influence and within the constitutional timeframe, in accordance with the provisions of Resolution 1559, and with the broadest possible acceptance. There must not be a political vacuum at the level of the presidency.

72. I particularly commend the Speaker of the Lebanese Parliament, Nabih Berri, for initiating a dialogue with all relevant parties with the purpose of reaching reconciliation on the issue of the presidential election. This initiative has paved the way for an important dialogue between the opposition and the parliamentary majority. I strongly support the continuation of this dialogue. I have also taken positive note of the efforts by the Maronite Patriarch to institute a dialogue among Christian leaders. Despite such commendable efforts, there remain widespread fears in Lebanon that the constitutional deadline of 24 November for the election of a new president may be missed without a resolution to the crisis. The result could be either a constitutional void, or the emergence of two rival governments, each disputing the constitutional legitimacy of the other. The regrettable precedent of a presidency left vacant by the lack of dialogue and accord in 1988 illustrates the dangers inherent in such a development, leading to the emergence of two competing governments and to a new wave of suffering and destruction by competing forces.

IV. Observations

73. Since the adoption of Resolution 1559, Lebanon has continued to suffer setbacks in its struggle to re-assert, beyond dispute, its sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity, and political independence. I once again salute the brave Lebanese people and their political leaders, who stand firm in that struggle. The United Nations remains as committed as ever to helping them complete the historical transition that has been under way in Lebanon since September 2004. For this purpose, I have remained in close contact with all relevant parties in the region and beyond.

74. Over the past six months, Lebanon has lived through yet another difficult chapter in its efforts to assert its sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity and political independence, extend governmental control over all Lebanese territory, and ensure that there are no weapons other than those outside the government's control. In combination, the explosions, assassinations, incidents in south Lebanon, and the prolonged fighting between the LAF and Fatah al-Islam have manifested the precarious state of security in Lebanon. Security conditions have combined with the political stalemate to create a climate of enduring crisis, with adverse effects more widely on Lebanese society and the economy. Many members of Parliament are spending most of their time abroad. MP Ghanem, for example, returned just two days before his assassination from a prolonged sojourn abroad. Overall, the conditions prevailing in Lebanon are not conducive to reasserting the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity, and political independence.

75. In the context of prolonged political crisis, the challenge from militias and allegations of widespread rearming and paramilitary training, the Government of Lebanon's authority has remained constrained and contested, as has its monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. The most notable challenge during this period has come from Fatah al-Islam. I commend and congratulate the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces for successfully weathering a critical test on the road to a truly free and sovereign Lebanon. The most significant violence and test of the Lebanese authorities and of the Lebanese people as a whole has come and gone, and the Lebanese still stand tall.

76. Yet, many challenges remain if Lebanon is to free itself from the vestiges of a captive past in a sustainable manner. First and foremost, I expect that political dialogue in Lebanon resume on all relevant matters, most notably the issue of the Lebanese presidency and the disarming and disbanding of Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias.

77. In the aftermath of the victory over Fatah al-Islam, it is paramount now that the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces maintain their vigilance and efforts, for the welfare and security of all people living in Lebanon. It is also paramount that political discussions resume among all Lebanese parties. I urge renewed political dialogue in Lebanon to reaffirm the commitment of all parties to the disarmament of Palestinian militias in Lebanon, in fulfillment of the terms of Resolution 1559.

78. I am also deeply conscious of the conditions in Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon and the challenges that arise from them. It is imperative that the close cooperation that has been established between the PLO and the Lebanese authorities continue, for the welfare of the Palestinian refugees who already have too often paid the price for the misdeeds of others. I commend both the Government of Lebanon and the PLO for their role in re-establishing security in the camps, but call on them to undertake tangible measures now toward significantly improving the conditions in which the refugee population lives, without prejudice to the settlement of the Palestinian refugee question in the context of an eventual Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement. The United Nations family stands ready to work with our Lebanese and Palestinian partner toward this goal, while we also exert all efforts to help bring about an Israeli- Palestinian peace agreement at the earliest time possible.

79. The information that I continue to receive, suggesting that Hizbullah has re-built and increased its military capacity compared to prior to the war of July and August 2006, is deeply disconcerting and stands in stark contradiction to the terms of Resolution 1559. I re-state my conviction that the eventual disarmament of Hizbullah in the sense of the completion of its transformation into a solely political party, consistent with the requirements of the Taif Agreement, is an element of critical importance for the future of a fully sovereign, united, and politically independent Lebanon. I urge renewed political dialogue in Lebanon to affirm the commitment of all parties to the disarmament of Lebanese militias in Lebanon, including Hizbullah, in fulfillment of the terms of Resolution 1559. I also expect the unequivocal cooperation of all relevant regional parties who have the ability to support such a process, most notably the Syrian Arab Republic and the Islamic Republic of Iran, which maintain close ties with the party, for the sake of both Lebanon's and the wider region's security, stability and welfare.

80. Not once since the end of the Civil War has there been a presidential election in Lebanon conducted according to constitutional rules, without any constitutional amendments, and without foreign interference. In 1989, President Elias Hrawi was elected in Chtaura, far away from the parliamentary chamber, to replace the assassinated Rene Mouawad, who had been appointed at a military airport in the north of Lebanon. President Hrawi was extended for an additional three years beyond the regular constitutionally prescribed term of six years in 1995. President Emile Lahoud's election in 1998 was enabled by a constitutional amendment, allowing the former chief of the LAF to run in the elections. President Lahoud was extended for three additional years in 2004 by constitutional amendment. Therefore, this time, in the aftermath of the withdrawal of Syrian troops, military assets and the military intelligence apparatus, the Lebanese have the opportunity to conduct a free and fair presidential election process, according to Lebanese constitutional rules and without any foreign interference, for the first time since the end of the Civil War. Such an election would signify a major milestone on the road toward the full reassertion of Lebanon's sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity and political independence, as is the goal of Resolution 1559.

81. With the upcoming presidential election, it is my strong belief that the Lebanese people and their political representatives must rise to the occasion and turn a new page in their difficult history. There must not be a constitutional void at the level of the presidency, nor two rivaling governments. Constitutional provisions should be fully respected. In consequence, political dialogue must enable the election of a new president before the constitutional deadline of 24 November. I urge the Lebanese political parties to engage in a constructive dialogue and aim for conciliation, in full respect of the Taif Agreement. The president should enjoy the broadest possible acceptance.

82. I continue to be deeply concerned at prevailing security conditions in Lebanon. The fact that these have forced many members of Parliament to permanently reside abroad or in seclusion, under extremely tight security in their own country, is unacceptable. It can also not go unnoticed that the most recent assassination of MP Antoine Ghanem, in combination with previous assassinations of members of the ruling coalition, reduced its majority to 68 out of now-127 MPs and raised the specter of not only further deterioration, but also of an upset of the political balance that has existed since the parliamentary elections of the spring of 2005. The pattern of political assassinations in Lebanon strongly suggests a concerted effort aimed at undermining the democratic institutions of Lebanon and the continued exercise of the political functions of the democratically elected representatives of the sovereign people of Lebanon.

83. It is equally disconcerting to observe that most political parties in Lebanon are apparently preparing for the possible further deterioration of the situation. Rearmament and military training directly contravenes the call contained in Resolution 1559 for the disarming and disbanding of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias. I commend the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese security services for their continued vigilance in this regard and their efforts aimed at calming the situation. I also repeat my urgent call on all Lebanese parties to immediately halt all efforts to rearm and engage in weapons training, and to instead return to dialogue and conciliation as the only viable method of settling issues and resolving the ongoing political crisis.

84. A return to political dialogue among the Lebanese parties is absolutely imperative under the current conditions, and the only way to resolve all relevant issues. Lebanon must preserve its comprehensive and, most importantly, conciliatory political framework, as manifested in the Taif Agreement.

85. I am of course acutely aware that such a framework also necessitates the renewed support and engagement of all relevant external parties and supporters of Lebanon. Without it, Lebanon will not be able to take further steps toward reasserting its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence, or to sustain such progress in the long term. But I am equally convinced that the deep foreign involvement in Lebanon has done little to decrease tension in that country. Instead, the foreign penetration and interference in Lebanon has only worsened the crisis. It is time that foreign interference stop and that the Lebanese people, and their political representatives, alone determine the fate of Lebanon.

86. In this context, I reiterate my expectation vis-a-vis Syria, in particular, that it cooperate on all relevant issues related to the full implementation of all provisions of resolutions 1559, 1680 and 1701. I welcome the assertions and pledges in Syria's recent letter to me and expect to see Syria's commitment to Lebanon's sovereignty, territorial integrity, unity, and political independence reflected in further tangible steps in the coming period.

87. I remain keenly aware of the inter-linkages between the various conflicts in the region. It is my most profound belief that all possible efforts must be exerted to attain a just, comprehensive and lasting peace for all peoples in the region. The achievement of such peace throughout the entire Middle Eastern region, consistent with all relevant Security Council resolutions, especially resolutions 242 and 338, and the full restoration of the territorial integrity, full sovereignty, and political independence of Lebanon, will remain contingent upon each other.

88. I will continue my efforts to assist all parties in the quest for peace and stability in the region, and in the full implementation of resolutions 1559, 1680 and 1701. I also reiterate my call on all parties and actors to support Lebanon's reconstruction and political transformation, and to urgently take all enabling measures to this end, as outlined the Taif Agreement and in resolutions 1559, 1680, and 1701.